Broadcast Journalism Toolkit

A formal qualification is not always legally required, but most BBC, ITN, and Sky entry-level roles expect applicants to have either a postgraduate broadcast journalism diploma (ideally BJTC-accredited) or relevant demonstrable experience. BJTC-accredited courses are offered by City, University of London; Cardiff University; Sheffield University; and others. Practical experience — student radio, hospital radio, community TV — can substitute for qualifications at some commercial radio stations and digital-only outlets.

A package is a pre-recorded broadcast report combining a journalist's voice, clips from interviewees, and possibly natural sound, wrapped in a cue read by the presenter. A voicer is a recorded report in only the journalist's own voice — no clips. A two-way (or Q&A) is a live or recorded exchange between a presenter in the studio and a reporter in the field, usually unscripted. Each has different production requirements and is appropriate for different story types.

The Ofcom Broadcasting Code sets rules for all UK-licensed broadcasters — including BBC television and radio services regulated under a separate licence framework, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Sky, and thousands of commercial radio stations. It covers standards on harm and offence (the 9pm watershed), impartiality (especially in news and elections), accuracy, privacy, and the protection of under-18s. Print journalists and online-only outlets are not subject to the Code.

The standard rule of thumb in UK broadcasting is approximately 180 words per minute for a comfortable broadcast read — roughly three words per second. A 30-second radio package runs to around 90 words; a 90-second TV package runs to around 270 words. Always read your script aloud while timing it: reading speed varies considerably between journalists and by the nature of the content.

IR35 (the off-payroll working rules) applies when a freelancer works through a personal service company (PSC) for a broadcaster that would otherwise treat the role as employed. From April 2021, responsibility for determining IR35 status shifted to the engaging organisation for medium and large broadcasters. Most BBC, ITV, and Sky freelance engagements now require the broadcaster to assess your status. Working directly as a sole trader (not through a PSC) removes IR35 as a concern, but you should still keep accurate records and understand your tax obligations. Seek advice from an accountant familiar with broadcast freelancing.

Most major podcast platforms normalise audio on delivery, but the widely recommended target for podcast masters is -16 LUFS integrated loudness (for stereo) with a true peak of no higher than -1 dBTP. Spotify targets -14 LUFS; Apple Podcasts accepts up to -16 LUFS. Aim for -16 LUFS and let platforms adjust upward if needed rather than submitting loud audio that may be clipped. Your editing software (Hindenburg, Adobe Audition, Descript) will have a loudness meter or normalisation tool.