NUJ Code of Conduct 2026: Plain-English Guide to Every Clause

This guide is for NUJ members seeking a clause-by-clause reference, journalism students preparing for NCTJ media law exams, and freelance journalists who want to understand their ethical obligations before taking on a commission. It is also useful for editors who need to brief staff on how the NUJ Code relates to IPSO and IMPRESS requirements.

The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) Code of Conduct is the ethical backbone for thousands of journalists working across the United Kingdom and Ireland. First adopted in 1936 and revised several times since, the code sets out 12 fundamental principles that every NUJ member agrees to uphold. Whether you are a staff reporter, a freelance feature writer, or a broadcast journalist, understanding these principles is essential to maintaining professional standards and public trust.

Why the NUJ Code Matters

Unlike the IPSO Editors' Code, which is enforced by a regulatory body, the NUJ Code of Conduct is a voluntary ethical framework. However, breaching the code can result in disciplinary action within the union, including suspension or expulsion from membership. More importantly, the code serves as a moral compass that helps journalists make difficult editorial decisions under pressure.

In an era of declining public trust in the media, adhering to a clear ethical code is more important than ever. The Reuters Institute Digital News Report consistently shows that UK audiences value accuracy and fairness above all other qualities in journalism. The NUJ Code provides a framework to deliver on those expectations.

The 12 Clauses Explained

1. Truthfulness and Accuracy

A journalist at all times upholds and defends the principle of media freedom, the right of freedom of expression and the right of the public to be informed. This foundational clause establishes that truthfulness is not just a professional obligation but a public duty. In practice, this means verifying facts through multiple sources, correcting errors promptly, and never knowingly publishing false information.

2. Striving to Ensure Information is Fair and Accurate

Journalists must strive to ensure that information disseminated is honestly conveyed, accurate and fair. This goes beyond simply not lying — it requires active effort to present the full picture. If you are reporting on a dispute, you must make reasonable efforts to obtain comment from all sides. If important context is missing, you should note that for the reader.

3. Doing Utmost to Correct Harmful Inaccuracies

When mistakes happen — and they will — the NUJ requires journalists to correct them promptly and with appropriate prominence. This means corrections should not be buried on an inside page when the original story was on the front page. Digital journalists should update articles with clear correction notices rather than silently editing.

4. Distinguishing Fact from Opinion

A journalist shall differentiate between fact and opinion. This is particularly relevant in the age of social media, where the line between reporting and commentary is frequently blurred. Even opinion columns should be clearly labelled, and factual claims within them should be accurate and verifiable.

5. Obtaining Material Through Honest Means

The code requires journalists to obtain material by honest, straightforward and open means. Subterfuge, secret recording, and deception are only acceptable when the information sought is genuinely in the public interest and cannot be obtained by other means. Even then, the use of such methods must be proportionate.

6. Doing Nothing to Intrude on Privacy

Journalists must not intrude into anybody's private life, grief or distress unless justified by overriding consideration of the public interest. This clause requires constant editorial judgement. The death knock, for example, remains one of the most ethically fraught tasks in journalism, requiring sensitivity and respect.

7. Protecting Confidential Sources

Clause 7 is among the most practically significant: a journalist shall protect confidential sources of information. This obligation arises the moment a source shares information in confidence — not only when a court order arrives. Reporters should use encrypted communications from the outset of a sensitive source relationship, not as a reactive measure. Courts in England and Wales can order disclosure under the Contempt of Court Act 1981 (section 10), but the threshold is high, and the NUJ's legal team provides support to members facing disclosure orders.

8–12: Additional Core Principles

The remaining clauses cover refusing to produce material that discriminates on grounds of race, colour, creed, gender or sexual orientation (Clause 10 — one of the most invoked in NUJ disciplinary cases); not taking personal advantage of information gained in the course of duty (Clause 9); not producing material likely to lead to hatred or discrimination; and supporting colleagues who face pressure to breach the code. Each clause reinforces the others, creating a comprehensive ethical framework.

Applying the Code in Practice

The NUJ Code is deliberately broad in its language, which gives journalists flexibility but also requires careful judgement. Here are some practical scenarios:

Source protection: If a whistleblower shares information with you in confidence, the NUJ Code and UK law both support your right to protect that source. However, there are rare circumstances where a court may order disclosure — seek legal advice from the NUJ's legal team if this arises.
Undercover reporting: If you believe a public body is acting corruptly, covert methods may be justified. But you must document your decision-making process and be prepared to defend it to your editor and, potentially, to a court.
Social media: The code applies to all your professional output, including tweets and social media posts. A throwaway comment online can breach the code just as easily as a published article.
Freelance work: Freelancers are bound by the code just as much as staff journalists. If a commissioning editor asks you to breach the code, you have the right — and the obligation — to refuse.

How It Compares to the IPSO Editors' Code

The NUJ Code and the IPSO Editors' Code overlap significantly but differ in enforcement and scope. IPSO regulates publications, not individual journalists, and its code is enforced through a complaints process that can result in adjudications and required corrections. The NUJ Code is an individual commitment, enforced through union discipline.

Many journalists find value in adhering to both codes, using the NUJ Code as a personal ethical standard and the IPSO Code as a practical guide to what their publication is legally required to uphold. IMPRESS — the alternative regulator — has its own Standards Code, which is broadly comparable in content but applies only to IMPRESS-regulated publications.

Staying Ethical Under Pressure

The greatest test of any code of conduct comes when you are under pressure — tight deadlines, competitive pressure from rival outlets, or editorial demands to sensationalise a story. The NUJ Code exists precisely for these moments. Before publishing, ask yourself: Is this true? Is this fair? Would I be comfortable explaining my methods in public?

If you are uncertain about an ethical dilemma, the NUJ Ethics Council offers guidance to members. You can also consult the union's regional offices or speak to your chapel representative. Remember that the code is there to protect you as well as the public — a journalist who acts ethically is far less likely to face legal action or regulatory censure.

Practical Checklist

Run through these before publishing any story that touches on ethical grey areas:

Can I verify every factual claim through at least two independent sources?
Have I given all parties a reasonable opportunity to comment?
Is opinion clearly labelled and distinct from factual reporting?
If I used covert methods, can I justify them under the public interest test?
Have I set up encrypted communications before contacting any sensitive source?
Does any part of this story risk identifying a source who shared information in confidence?
Am I aware of any personal interest I have in this story that could create a conflict?
Does this story risk intrusion into private grief without a clear public interest justification?
Have I checked whether any inaccuracies published previously need a correction notice?

Common Mistakes

Treating the NUJ Code as legally binding: The code is enforced through union discipline, not the courts. Do not confuse it with legal obligations under data protection, defamation, or contempt of court law.
Ignoring Clause 7 until under threat: Source protection begins the moment a source shares information in confidence — not when a court order arrives. Journalists who wait until they receive a disclosure order to think about protection have often already compromised their source through insecure communications.
Confusing the NUJ Code with the IPSO Editors' Code: These are separate frameworks with different scope and enforcement mechanisms. The NUJ Code covers individual journalists; the IPSO Editors' Code covers the publications they work for.
Assuming the code does not apply to social media: Everything you publish professionally — including social media posts — is subject to the code. An ill-judged tweet can breach Clause 10 (discrimination) just as readily as a published article.
Not documenting public interest reasoning for covert methods: If you use subterfuge or secret recording, write a contemporaneous note explaining why no other method was available and why the public interest justified it. If you are later challenged, documentation is your defence.
Failing to correct errors promptly: Clause 3 requires prompt, prominent correction. Silently editing an online article without a correction notice is a breach of the code, even if the factual error was minor.

Red Flags

An editor who asks you to remove a right-to-reply because the story is “going live now”
A source offering exclusive information in exchange for guaranteed positive coverage
Pressure to use a photograph or quote taken out of context to support a predetermined angle
A commission that requires you to identify a confidential source in your copy
Being asked to produce content that characterises an ethnic or religious group in a stereotypical or derogatory way
A doorstep or death knock brief that makes no allowance for the subject's distress

Key reminder: Under Clause 8, NUJ members have the right to refuse assignments that would require them to breach the code. If you face pressure to act unethically, contact your chapel rep or the NUJ's helpdesk before proceeding.

Primary Sources

NUJ Code of Conduct — Full text of all 12 clauses on the NUJ website
IPSO Editors' Code of Practice — The regulatory code for IPSO-regulated publications
IMPRESS Standards Code — Alternative press regulator standards
Ofcom Broadcasting Code — Applicable to broadcast journalists
Information Commissioner's Office — Data protection guidance for journalists
NCTJ — Journalism training standards and media law syllabi
Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism — Research on media ethics and trust
IPSO Editors' Code 2025 — UK JournoHub Guide
SLAPPs and Legal Threats Facing UK Journalists

Jurisdiction note: The NUJ Code of Conduct applies across the United Kingdom and Ireland, and all NUJ members are bound by it regardless of where they work. However, the legal context differs by jurisdiction. In Scotland, contempt of court, defamation, and data protection law have distinct statutory bases; NUJ Scotland has additional guidance for members. In Northern Ireland, the media operates under the same regulatory framework as England and Wales for IPSO purposes, but distinct political and legal sensitivities apply. In the Republic of Ireland, the NUJ operates alongside Irish law on defamation and privacy, which diverges from UK law.

NUJ Code of Conduct Explained

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